In biology, a membrane is a thin covering that serves as the external limit of a living cell or an internal cell compartment. The organelles are the spaces surrounded by internal membranes and have the plasma membrane as their external boundary. Biological membranes serve three main purposes: first, they prevent harmful substances from entering the cell; second, they have receptors and channels that let certain molecules, like ions, nutrients, wastes, and metabolic products, mediate cellular and extracellular activities and allow them to pass between organelles and between the cell and the outside environment; and third, they divide metabolic processes that are necessary but incompatible that take place within organelles. The lipid bilayer, a double layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and glycolipid molecules that contains fatty acid chains and controls whether a membrane is formed into long, flat sheets or rounded vesicles, makes up the majority of a membrane. Cell membranes have a fluid quality thanks to lipids, and their consistency is similar to that of light oil. Many small, fat-soluble molecules, like oxygen, can pass through the membrane thanks to the fatty-acid chains, but they are repelled by large, water-soluble molecules, like sugar, and electrically charged ions, like calcium. Large proteins that transport ions and water-soluble compounds across the membrane are embedded in the lipid bilayer. Ions can freely diffuse into and out of cells thanks to membrane channels formed by specific proteins in the plasma membrane. Others transfer molecules to the other side of a membrane by binding to particular molecules on one side. On occasion, a single protein will move two distinct types of molecules in opposition to one another. The majority of plasma membranes contain about 50% protein by weight; however certain metabolically active organelle membranes contain up to 75% protein. Long glucose molecules are affixed to proteins on the plasma membrane's outside. The membrane organelles play a key role in many cellular processes, such as nutrition intake and conversion, chemical synthesis, energy production, and regulation of metabolic pathways. A bilayer membrane with numerous pores surrounds the nucleus, which houses the cell's genetic material and allows materials to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum, which produces the lipids for all cell membranes, extends its membrane into the outer nuclear membrane. Ribosomes, which are either suspended freely in the cell's contents or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, produce proteins. The mitochondria, the oxidizing and energy-storing units of the cell, have an outer membrane readily permeable to many substances, and a less-permeable inner membrane studded with transport proteins and energy-producing enzymes.

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