Diagnosis is the very first step towards the treatment and mitigation of diseases. The initial medical diagnosis involves the evaluation of symptoms that are corroborated with patient history and interpretation of test results. It has been the basis and will continue to be the future of medical treatment The efficiency of medical diagnosis is proportional to a fast, reliable, specific and accurate response, thus increasing the probability of providing an earlier treatment or in some instances the survival of the patient. In regards to diagnostic methods, a high degree of sensitivity and specificity is desired for the early detection of disorders and this has continuously improved based on technological development. Numerous techniques and assays, which include immunoassay, medical imaging and biosensing, are available for diagnosis. The initial and foremost run tests include gram and Giemsa staining for the detection of particular bacteria and nucleic acid detection of some specific parasites.

Furthermore, some advanced strategies explore the use of molecular biology techniques, including polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays that frequently are used for the detection of certain infectious viruses. Conventional diagnostic methods suffer from a few limitations, such as little specificity and low efficacy. Moreover, due to the genetic transformation in the case of bacterial species resulting in multiple drug resistance for different antibiotics, especially in developed countries, severely hinders the detection and treatment of diseases. These challenges led scientists to put countless efforts to improvise existing/additional advanced types of machinery for rapid and precise detection of diseases. It is worth mentioning that one such revolutionary strategy is the application of nanotechnology in the medical system to increase pace, efficacy, reliability and sensitivity of diagnosis. Nanotechnology comes with tools such as nano-scale structured materials with dimensions of less than 1 μm (nanoparticles) and nano-devices that can be fabricated to achieve the potential for advanced diagnostics and biosensors. Owing to the unique properties, e.g., small size, biocompatibility, enhanced catalysis, surface plasmon resonance, optical and magnetic features, making them a desirable candidate for application in medical diagnosis. Mainly, nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at atomic, molecular and/or supramolecular scale, thereby interfering with the biological systems with many folds, which help to interpret the data for real-time detection of infectious pathogens. Therefore, the inclusion of nanotechnology has revolutionized many fields, particularly medical diagnoses, to improve the health care system.

Nanotechnology-based tools and devices have markedly renovated the healthcare sector, particularly in medical diagnostics. Advanced and safer diagnostic tools are available, which enable medical practitioners to diagnose a disease at its early onset. The conventional methods of diagnosis suffer limitations of low sensitivity and reduced efficacy, which have been effectively managed by nano-scale tools. The exceptional characteristics of nanomaterials (e.g., gold nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials like nanotubes and graphene oxide, several magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots) have tremendously augmented the advancement in medical

diagnostics. The field of nanotechnology is expanding, and thus, the opportunities are widely increasing in the diagnosis of many life-threatening illnesses such as neurodegenerative, diabetes and cancer. In the coming decades, nano interventions to create new diagnostic tools will continuously improvise, which will open new

avenues for patient treatment. However, there is a need for more proper attention and global coordination for establishing and maintenance of international standards to make this sphere of nanotechnology reach its new heights.